Real Estate Crowd-Lending Glossary

AML

Anti-Money Laundering controls check identity and the origin of funds before investing and when further evidence is needed. Public campaign pages can be reviewed before verification; browsing does not mean the account is cleared to invest.

BCR

Banca Comerciala Romana, the payment institution referenced in the FAQ. Investor money moves through this payment infrastructure rather than being mixed with stock.estate's operating cash.

Cashback

A separate incentive on eligible campaigns or offers, credited under the applicable funding and reward rules. Cashback is a non-withdrawable balance for reinvestment, not an increase in the annual contractual interest rate. A progressive early-bird boost instead affects the annual rate fixed at signing, within the campaign ceiling.

Collateral agent

An independent company within the stock.estate group that manages collateral on behalf of investors. For secured campaigns, the collateral agent is the party that can coordinate enforcement if the developer does not repay.

Contract Rate

The annual interest rate fixed in the signed loan agreement. On a progressive campaign it includes the tier-adjusted amount allocation and eligible early-bird allocation, capped at the campaign Floor Rate plus Interest Pool. It is a gross interest rate before applicable withholding, not cashback or a guarantee of repayment. Later tier changes do not reprice it.

Crowd-lending

A crowdfunding model in which many investors lend money to a borrower. On stock.estate, the borrower is usually a real estate developer and investors earn through interest paid under the loan contract.

Default

A loan-default classification is distinct from a short payment delay. Annual default reporting considers material overdue obligations and unlikely-to-pay criteria under the published methodology, using reviewed historical dates and monitored-loan cohorts. Missing or unreviewed data is not evidence of zero defaults. Consult /statistics for the current figures and methodology.

Developer

The project company or borrower raising money through a campaign. In the stock.estate structure, the developer receives the loan proceeds and owes principal plus interest back to investors.

Digital wallet

The investor account area where repayments, interest, and available balances are tracked on the platform. The FAQ describes interest as being credited to the wallet according to the repayment schedule.

Due diligence

The review process performed before a project is published. stock.estate says it checks factors such as company solidity, business plan quality, track record, market potential, and the characteristics of the underlying property.

Enforceable title

A legal instrument that can support enforcement without first obtaining a separate judgment on the debt, where the applicable law and contract permit it. The Romanian campaign explanation does not establish the same procedure for every project country; check the signed documents and jurisdiction. Enforceability does not guarantee the timing or amount of recovery.

ESMA

The European Securities and Markets Authority. stock.estate references its ESMA register entry when describing its regulatory status.

Early-Bird Rate Boost

A time-limited percentage-point increase available near the start of a progressive campaign. It is capped together with the Rate Band so the Contract Rate cannot exceed the Floor Rate plus the Interest Pool.

FAQ tab

One of the five main public FAQ sections on the site: General, Crowdlending, Legal, Fees, and Risks. These tabs are the main source material for this glossary and for the GEO content pack.

Floor Rate

The campaign's base annual rate. An eligible investor tier raises the starting rate within the campaign Interest Pool and rescales the amount bands; the campaign maximum does not increase.

Funded campaign

A campaign that reached its required fundraising amount and proceeded into the lending stage. See /statistics for current funded-campaign totals; a historical count is not a current portfolio measure.

Guarantee

An extra layer of protection attached to some campaigns. Depending on the project, the FAQ refers to guarantees such as mortgages, bank guarantee letters, or pledges of shares.

KYC

Know Your Customer verification. Investors must complete KYC before investing, and the platform may request information proving identity and source of funds.

Interest Pool

The campaign's percentage-point allowance above its base Floor Rate. The investor's tier-adjusted amount allocation and capped early-bird allocation use this pool; the remainder is the developer-side Pool Fee. The maximum Contract Rate is the campaign Floor Rate plus this pool.

Liquidity

How easily an investor can convert an investment back into cash. stock.estate investments are less liquid than bank deposits because they are tied to project-level loan terms and repayment schedules.

Loan agreement

The central contract behind a stock.estate investment. According to the Legal FAQ, it is signed by the investor, the project developer, and stock.estate Group in its platform and guarantee-agent role. It defines the repayment schedule, interest, and the investor's contractual rights against the developer.

Mortgage

A registered security interest over specified real estate. Check each campaign's documents for whether a mortgage is provided and its ranking; other campaigns may instead use share pledges, personal guarantees or other security. A mortgage does not guarantee repayment.

Portfolio diversification

Spreading capital across different projects, terms, or property types rather than concentrating everything in a single loan. The FAQ presents diversification as one of the main ways to lower risk.

Pool Fee

The developer-side portion of the Interest Pool that remains after the investor's Rate Band and Early-Bird Rate Boost. It is retained through reimbursements and is never deducted as an investor-facing platform fee.

Progressive-interest campaign

On a progressive-interest campaign, the annual Contract Rate depends on the signed investment amount, the investor's active-principal tier and any early-bird boost available at signing. The tier raises the starting rate and proportionally rescales the amount bands into the remaining Interest Pool; it is not added on top of the full standard band. The maximum remains the campaign Floor Rate plus its Interest Pool. The rate is fixed when the investment is signed: later tier changes or campaign edits do not reprice that contract. Progressive campaigns have no investor-facing platform fee; the remaining Pool Fee is paid by the developer. Existing fixed campaigns retain their signed rate and fee terms.

Rate Band

The percentage-point allocation determined by the signed investment amount, including bonus-funded principal. An investor tier raises the starting allocation and proportionally rescales the standard amount bands within the remaining pool. It does not add the full standard band on top of the tier uplift.

For a campaign pool P greater than zero, standard amount band B and eligible tier uplift U capped at P, the tier-adjusted allocation is U + (P − U) × B / P. Add this allocation and only the early-bird allocation that fits in the remaining pool to the campaign floor. The annual contract rate is rounded to two decimal places and cannot exceed the campaign ceiling.

Reflection period

A four-calendar-day window after placing an investment order during which the investor can revoke the expression of interest without penalty and without providing a reason.

Recovery

The process of pursuing repayment when a borrower fails to meet obligations. On a secured campaign, this can include enforcing the mortgage or other collateral through the collateral agent and the legal process.

Sophisticated investor

An investor who understands the risks of these investments and has the financial capacity to bear them. Investors who do not meet those thresholds are treated as non-sophisticated and should be more conservative with allocation size.

Withholding tax

Withholding tax is deducted from taxable interest before payment. For campaigns using the treaty schedule, the estimate depends on the project's country, the investor's residence country, whether the investor is an individual or a company, and the active country schedule. Existing campaigns retain their legacy withholding policy. A tax residency certificate can be requested for review, but its absence does not block investing and uploading it does not automatically change every investment's tax. The rate applied to a repayment is recorded when its transfer is generated; a current calculator estimate can differ from a previously generated payment.

Investor tiers

Tiers are automatic: Standard below EUR 25,000 of active principal, Bronze from EUR 25,000, Silver from EUR 50,000 and Gold from EUR 100,000. Bronze, Silver and Gold raise the progressive starting rate by up to 3, 4 and 5 percentage points respectively, within the campaign pool. Active principal is successful invested principal, including invested bonuses, less principal actually repaid; wallet balances, pending investments and repaid principal do not count. A newly successful investment can unlock a tier for its own rate. Repayments can lower the tier for future investments without changing signed rates.

Investment Credit

Investment Credit is an offer-specific, non-withdrawable balance for eligible reinvestment. Earned credit becomes usable after campaign funding and issuance, not immediately at signing. Participation and issued-credit expiry have separate 30-day windows; use also requires qualifying external cash. Check the offer for eligibility, expiry and reward overlap: credit, cashback and referral rewards do not necessarily stack in full.